INTRODUCTION

India is a country located in South Asia, with New Delhi as its capital. It’s a indigenous democracy that represents a largely different population conforming of thousands of ethnical groups. With roughly one- sixth of the world’s total population, it’s the alternate most vibrant country after China1. India remains one of the most ethnically different countries in the world, with multitudinous persuasions, sets, gentries, lines, and verbal groups.

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the earliest known urban cultures of the Indian subcontinent. The civilization is believed to have existed between 2500 BCE and 1700 BCE, although some southern sites may have lasted later into the 2nd millennium BCE. The civilization was located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, primarily in what is now Pakistan.

The Indus Valley Civilization was characterized by its sophisticated urban planning, advanced drainage systems, and impressive architecture. The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are two of the most well-known sites of the civilization3. The civilization also had a writing system that has yet to be fully deciphered.

The Indus Valley Civilization was a highly developed society with a complex social structure. It is believed that the civilization was ruled by a priest-king who presided over a centralized government. The society was divided into different classes, including priests, warriors, merchants, and farmers.

The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization is still a matter of debate among historians. Some theories suggest that environmental factors such as climate change and natural disasters may have played a role in its decline. Others suggest that invasions by outside forces or internal conflicts may have led to its collapse.

VEDIC PERIODS & POST VEDIC PERIODS

Indian history can be traced back to the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization and the appearance of the Aryans. These two phases are generally described as thepre-Vedic and Vedic age. Over time, India has witnessed the rise and fall of colorful conglomerates and dynasties, including the Maurya Empire, Gupta Empire, Mughal Empire, and British Raj. Each period has left its mark on Indian culture, armature, art, and traditions.

The history of India is vast and encompasses a wide range of motifs similar as ancient societies, medieval fieldoms, colonialism, independence movements, and ultramodern nation- structure. Exploring Indian history provides precious perceptivity into the rich artistic heritage and different heritage of this vibrant nation

ANCIENT HISTORY

The history of ancient India spans from the early 3rd renaissance BCE to the end of the Gupta Empire around 500 CE. Then’s a brief figure of ancient Indian history.

Pre-history: ( Neolithic Age) This period dates back to around 8000 – 3500 BCE and includes societies similar as Bhirrana and Mehrgarh.

Citation Age:  India This period, from around 3500 – 1750 BCE, is characterized by the Indus Valley Civilization and the Ahar – Banas culture.

Iron Age : The Iron Age in India lasted from around 1750 – 345 BCE. It includes the Vedic civilization, Black and Red earthenware culture, and Northern Black Polished Ware.

MEDIVAL HISTORY

The medieval period of Indian history spans from the 6th century CE to the 18th century CE1. The period is generally divided into two corridor the early medieval period( 6th century CE to 13th century CE) and the late medieval period( 13th century CE to 18th century CE) .

The early medieval period saw the rise of colorful dynasties and conglomerates similar as the Pallavas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Pala Empire, Gurjara- Pratihara dynasty, and the Chola Empire1. The period also saw the emergence of Buddhism and Jainism as major persuasions in India.

The late medieval period saw the rise of several Islamic dynasties similar as the Delhi Sultanate, Bahmani Sultanate, and the Mughal Empire1. The Mughal Empire was one of the most significant conglomerates in Indian history and was known for its artistic and intellectual achievements1. The period also saw the appearance of European powers similar as the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British in India.

MODERN HISTORY

The ultramodern history of India begins with the appearance of European powers in the early 18th century and ends with India’s independence from social rule in 194712. Then’s a brief overview of ultramodern Indian history

British social Rule :The British East India Company arrived in India in 1600 and established trading posts at Surat, Madras, and Calcutta. In 1757, Robert Clive led the company’s forces to palm against Siraj- ud- Daula at Plassey, marking the morning of British rule in India. The British Raj lasted until 1947 when India gained independence from Britain.

Indian Independence Movement :The Indian National Congress, innovated in 1885, played a pivotal part in the struggle for independence. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose mustered millions of Indians throughnon-violent civil defiance movements and fortified resistance against British rule.

Partition of India: In 1947, India was partitioned into two separate nations India and Pakistan. This led to wide violence and mass migration as people moved across recently drawn borders grounded on religious identity.